shot reverse shot

a shot reverse shot is used to extend the understanding of the scene to the audience. An example of a shot reverse shot is. you see the pov of character b looking at character a talking then you cut to a pov of character a looking at character b it is the reverse shot of a shot.

Cutaways

A cutaway is a technique used to fix jump cuts or problems in an edit. it is when when you cut from the Primary or A roll action to some Secondary or B roll action. an example of this is if a there is a shot of someone talking then the next shot of them talking was shot at a different time and it is from a slightly different angle it causes a jump cut that needs to be fixed so the editor takes some B roll footage that has like a reaction shot from another character and cuts to that then it cuts to the A roll footage so that people don't notice the jump in the angle.

Motivated editing

the motivated edit is where the editor uses the footage to make decisions about where to cut to another shot. an example of this is in a conversation in a film if a person is talking then another person talks the editor will cut to the person who has started talking. when this happens the footage has been used to make the decision to cut to the shot of the other person talking.

basically when two people are talking and one of them stops and the other person starts. the person stopping talking is the motivation to cut to the next shot

Montages

a montage is a thematic edit in western film it is used to show the passage by cutting down a sequence of shots to show something that would normally take a long tim into a few minutes for example cutting down the sequence of someone training which would normally take days or week and putting it into a couple of minutes. an example of this is the rocky training sequence shown below.



cross dissolves are commonly used as the transition in a montage.

storytelling

storytelling is the main job of an editor, the goal of the editor is to make a seamless edit which is an edit that tells the story well to the audience and they don't think about the editing of the film and so they focus on the actual story.

continuity is what makes a good seamless edit as continuity is the idea of maintaining things in the scene in the film to make the story make sense. it is important to have good continuity in a film so that the story makes sense to the audience. there are three threads of continuity; Audio, Visual and Narrative. An example of audio continuity is if the film makers film a scene on a busy street with traffic noise then re film the scene from a different angle and there is no traffic noise, this would create a continuity error. visual continuity is if come one is holding a cup that is blue then the scene cuts to a different angle and the cup changes colour to black. an example of narrative continuity is if a character is really up set.



Pace
one of the jobs of an editor is to create pace in a film this to help keep the audience interested. to keep them interested you have to vary the pace. this helps to build suspense and anticipation of what is about to happen and keep them interested. the ways editors vary the pace of a film are using shots of different lengths for example lots of short quick shots set a faster pace and lots of long shots slows the pace. another way is by changing the speed of the shot so a slow motion shot slows the pace.
you can also create pace using sound effects and music fast music sets a fast pace and slow music sets a slow pace. another way of creating pace is with shot selection. slowing the pace down helps to build suspense and anticipation of what is about to happen in a scene and a fast pace scene helps to make the audience exited.

it is important to vary the pace because if the pace is slow all the way through the audience will get bored and if the pace is fast all the way through the audience will get overwhelmed. so it is important to vary the pace as it helps to make the audience

premiere pro shortcuts

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insert - ,
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undo - CMD + Z
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Manipulation of Diagetic Time and Space

Diegesis is an name for the film world.

Manipulation of diagetic time and space is an explanation for how filmmakers manipulate time and space during films an example of this is a jump cut as an object moves with out anyone touching it instantly but in real life this would not be able to happen. An example of the manipulation of time is when the filmmaker cuts down something like a 5 year time period to a 5 minute one

The Pioneers of Cinema

The Lumiere brothers

Auguste Marie Louis Nicholas Lumière and Louis Jean Lumière Louis are two brothers who were some of the earliest filmmakers in history.

In 1895 they created a working model of their ciné camera which they called a cinematographer. This camera was not only one of the first moving image cameras but also when used with a lantern also served as a projector for their films they had shot. The films shot with this were usually about fifty second long. Filmed with no camera movement and in one shot.

 The first film they made to be shown to an audience was of factory workers leaving a factory in lyon the film was called La Sortie des ouvriers de l’usine Lumière (Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory) and it is considered the first motion picture.  The showing was the first time people had seen images projected on a screen.

The first public screening of one of their films was on 28 December 1895 in paris. This date is often used to mark the beginning of cinema.

After that screening they began commercial production of their camera.

Louis Lumière was quoted as saying “The cinema is an invention without any commercial future”

http://www.exeter.ac.uk/bdc/young_bdc/movingpics/movingpics10.htm

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1403398/Lumiere-brothers

Georges Méliès

Georges Melies was a professional magician. By accident he discovered you could use stop motion photography to create trick visual effects. He was the first to utilize techniques such as fade in, fade out and dissolves to help to create the first films with a story  with them.

In his life he made over 500 films the most famous is the 1902 film A trip to the moon (voyage to the moon) he abandoned film production in 1912

Some people think of him as the father of special effects.

Méliès was a member in the 28 December 1895 screening of the lumière brothers film after the screening he tried to buy their invention so he was turned down.

 All the editing he did was in camera during production.

http://www.earlycinema.com/pioneers/melies_bio.html

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0617588/bio

George Albert Smith

George albert smith was one of the first people to do post production he created the film the kiss in the tunnel. where he added a scene to a film of a train journey to skip the section where the train traveled through a tunnel he replaced it with a scene of two people kissing. because of this he was on of the first people to use post production editing. He also developed one of the first successful colour film process called called kinemacolor 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Albert_Smith_(film_pioneer)/

Edwin S Porter 

Edwin S porter created the film life of an american firefighter. 

this was the first film to use a variety of shots, a strong narative and many actors and special effects - with composite shots. he also used close ups for one of the first times in film. He was also one of the first people to follow the action of the narrative he also used multiple angles in the final scene of Life of an American firefighter but not in the way we use them today as he showed the scene from the inside of the house in full then the same scene from the outside of the house in full.

in the same year as life of an american firefighter he created the film The Great Train Robbery
in this film he introduced crosscutting.
He also followed the action more and it was a longer film one thing that he failed to do was have pace in the film to help keep people interested.
He also failed to keep to the 180 degree rule.
also for the first time camera movements were used in stead of a static camera. also he used movement to hide jump cuts.

http://www.earlycinema.com/pioneers/porter_bio.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Stanton_Porter

http://www.victorian-cinema.net/porter.htm